ABSTRACT
The E class MADS-box genes SEPALLATA (SEP)-like play critical roles in angiosperm reproductive growth, especially in floral organ differentiation. To analyze the sequence characteristics and spatio-temporal expression patterns of E-function MADS-box SEP-like genes during kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) flower development, BroaSEP1/2/3 (GenBank No. KC967957, KC967958, KC967960) homologues, three kale SEP MADS-box gene, were isolated from the kale variety 'Fourteen Line' using Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these three SEP genes had a high degree of identity with SEP1, SEP2, SEP3 from Brassica oleracea var. oleracea, Brassica rapa, Raphanus sativus and Brassica napus, respectively. Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences from these genes, along with previously published subfamily members, demonstrated that these genes comprise four regions of the typical MIKC-type MADS-box proteins: the MADS domain, intervening (I) domain and keratin-like (K) domain, and the C-terminal domain SEPⅠ and SEP Ⅱ motif. The longest open reading frame deduced from the cDNA sequences of BroaSEP1, BroaSEP2, and BroaSEP3 appeared to be 801 bp, 759 bp, 753 bp in length, respectively, which encoded proteins of 266, 252, and 250 amino acids respectively. Expression analyses using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR indicate that BroaSEP1/2/3 are specifically expressed in floral buds of kale during flower development process. The expression levels of the three genes are very different at different developmental stages, also in wild type, mutant flower with increased petals, and mutant flower with decreased petals. These different patterns of gene expression maybe cause the flowers to increase or decrease the petal number.
Subject(s)
Brassica/metabolism , Flowers/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , MADS Domain Proteins/metabolism , Phylogeny , Plant Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Glutathione s-transferase (GST) is involved in the formation of a multigene family comprising phase II detoxification enzymes, involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. This study evaluated whether daily supplementation with kale juice could modulate levels of plasma antioxidant vitamins and oxidative stress-related parameters. We further examined whether this modulation was affected by combined GSTM1 and T1 polymorphisms. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Totally, 84 subclinical hypertensive patients having systolic blood pressure (BP) over 130 mmHg or diastolic BP over 85 mmHg, received 300 mL of kale juice daily for 6 weeks. Blood samples were drawn before start of study and after completion of 6 weeks. RESULTS: After supplementation, we observed significant decrease in DNA damage and increase in erythrocyte catalase activity in all genotypes. Plasma level of vitamin C was significantly increased in the wild/null and double null genotypes. The plasma levels of β-carotene, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity, and nitric oxide were increased only in the wild/null genotype after kale juice supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of kale juice was significantly greater in the GSTM1 null genotype and wild/null genotype groups, suggesting possibility of personalized nutritional prescriptions based on personal genetics.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ascorbic Acid , Blood Pressure , Brassica , Catalase , DNA Damage , Erythrocytes , Genetics , Genotype , Glutathione Peroxidase , Glutathione Transferase , Glutathione , Hypertension , Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II , Multigene Family , Nitric Oxide , Oxidative Stress , Plasma , Prescriptions , Reactive Oxygen Species , VitaminsABSTRACT
O estudo teve por objetivo adequar o ínstar do hospedeiro Ascia monuste orseis ao parasitismo de Cotesia glomerata e avaliar o desempenho do parasitoide. Foram oferecidas às fêmeas de C. glomerata lagartas de 2o, 3o, 4o e 5o ínstares de A. monuste orseis , permitindo-se o parasitismo por duas horas. Subsequentemente, acompanhou-se o desenvolvimento das lagartas que foram alimentadas com seções foliares de couve-manteiga. Foram avaliados: a duração de cada ínstar das lagartas, o peso da pupa com quatro dias de idade e a porcentagem de lagartas parasitadas e de mortalidade. Em relação ao parasitoide, foram avaliados: porcentagem de parasitismo; número de parasitoide por hospedeiro; porcentagem de emergência; razão sexual; peso médio da pupa; número de parasitoide por lagarta; período ovo-pupa (POP); período pupal (PP); período ovo-adulto (POA). Os resultados indicaram que o segundo ínstar do hospedeiro A. monuste oreseis é o mais apropriado para o parasitismo de C. glomerata por proporcionar maior porcentagem de parasitismo e maior número de descendentes por hospedeiro.(AU)
The study aimed to adapt the instar of host Ascia monuste orseis to the parasitism of Cotesia glomerata and evaluate the parasitoid performance. Females of C. glomerata were exposed to 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars larvae of A. monuste orseis , allowing parasitism for two hours. Subsequently, the development of caterpillars that were fed with leaf sections of kale was monitored. The duration of each caterpillar instar, the weight of four days-old pupae, the percentage of parasitized caterpillars and mortality were assessed. Despite parasitoids, the following parameters were assessed: percentage of parasitism; number of parasitoids per host; percentage of emergence, sex ratio; average weight of the pupae, number of parasitoids per caterpillar; period egg-pupae; pupal period; and period egg-adult. The results indicated that the second instar of host A. monuste oreseis is the most suitable for the parasitism of C. glomerata for providing highest percentage of parasitism and a larger number of offspring per host.(AU)
Subject(s)
Parasites , Pest Control, Biological , Hymenoptera , LepidopteraABSTRACT
Light emitting diode (LED) lights play an important role in the plant physiology and alter the metabolites in a significant manner. Glucosinolates (GSLs), polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant properties of Chinese cabbage and kale cultivated in varying LED lights were investigated. Analysis revealed 7 aliphatic, 3 indolyl and 1 aromatic GSLs in Chinese cabbage and kale. The total GSL content ranged from 1.5-19.08 and 1.85-24.87 µmol/g DW, and glucobrassicanapin was the predominant GSL (3) in Chinese cabbage, whereas; sinigrin (3.49 µmol/g DW) was in kale. Blue and red LED lights produced significantly higher amount of GSLs in Chinese cabbage and kale respectively. Results revealed higher amount of total polyphenol (3.845 µg/mL) and total flavanoids (3.939 μg/mL) in Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage and kale showed significant antioxidant activities when compare with positive control, and the antioxidant assays were slightly correlated with total GSLs, polyphenols and flavanoids contents. The influence of LED lights on glucobrassicin in Chinese cabbage and kale should be studied extensively, because GSL is the precursor of indole-3-carbinol, a potent anticancer isothiocyanate.
ABSTRACT
Of Brassicaceous plants, kale (Brassica oleraceae L. var. acephala DC) contains polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones and glucosinolates and so has antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Antioxidants inhibit negative effects of free radicals and may, therefore, protect tissues against oxidative damage. Oxidation of lipoproteins is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis. In the current study, the levels of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and total antioxidant capacity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of kale leaves were determined. In addition, the susceptibility of isolated lipoproteins — very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) to the Cu2+-induced oxidation with various concentrations of metanolic and aqueous extracts was evaluated as t-lag values. Although aqueous extract had higher total antioxidant capacity, methanolic extract had higher total phenolic and flavonoid content (P<0.05). On the other hand, both extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation in both isolated VLDL and LDL. Inhibitory effect of extracts or increasing t-lag values, mainly in methanolic extract was found to be related to increasing the concentration of extracts. It was concluded that because of high antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, kale showed a protective effect on the oxidation of lipoproteins. Therefore, it may be speculated that kale consumption may play an important protective role in the cardiovascular and other related diseases resulting from imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant status.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Antioxidants/chemistry , Brassica/chemistry , Brassica/growth & development , Humans , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Lipoproteins, LDL/chemistry , Lipoproteins, LDL/isolation & purification , Lipoproteins, VLDL/blood , Lipoproteins, VLDL/chemistry , Lipoproteins, VLDL/isolation & purification , Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Leaves/metabolismABSTRACT
Objetivou-se avaliar procedimentos de manipulação visando o controle de perdas de β-caroteno e licopeno em couve e tomate preparados em uma Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) hospitalar. Os critérios adotados não utilizados previamente pela UAN foram: armazenamento por 24 h sob refrigeração (10°C), sanitização por 15 min e distribuição logo após o preparo. As hortaliças foram coletadas após a recepção e depois de cada etapa de manipulação. A análise foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), usando como fase móvel metanol, acetato de etila e acetonitrila (50:40:10). A ANOVA (α = 0,05) foi utilizada para detecção de diferenças significativas. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas quanto ao conteúdo dos componentes entre as etapas de manipulação, mas houve redução importante das taxas de retenção. Para β-caroteno em couve, verificou-se retenção de 68,2 por cento após 60 minutos de exposição para consumo, enquanto em tomate, 91,96 por cento do conteúdo desse composto foi preservado após 120 minutos de espera até a distribuição. Não foi observada redução importante na taxa de retenção de licopeno. Os procedimentos avaliados na UAN hospitalar contribuíram para controlar as perdas de carotenóides nas hortaliças, pois sua retenção foi elevada, sendo sugerida sua adoção em outras UAN.
The aim of this study was to assess the handling procedures of kale and tomatoes in a hospital foodservice (HFS) in order to control loss of β-carotene and licopene. The adopted measures, up to then not used by the HFS, were: 24-h storage under refrigeration (10°C), hygienizing for 15 min and distribution immediately after preparation. Vegetable samples were collected after reception and after each stage of manipulation in the HFS. The samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a mobile phase of methanol, ethyl acetate and acetonitrile (50:40:10). ANOVA (α = 0.05) was used to detect significant differences. No significant differences in the content of the components were found between the different stages of manipulation but there was an important decrease in the retention rates. In kale a retention rate of 68.2 percent for β-carotene was verified 60 minutes after preparation whereas in tomatoes 91.96 percent of this compound were preserved for 120 minutes after preparation. No important decrease was observed in the retention of licopene. The high retention rates showed that the evaluated procedures contributed to control the loss of carentoids in vegetables and therefore these measures should be adopted in other HFS.
Subject(s)
Brassica/chemistry , Carotenoids/analysis , Cooking/standards , Food Service, Hospital , Solanum lycopersicum/chemistryABSTRACT
Foi estudada a biologia e preferência alimentar do curuquerê-da-couve, Ascia monuste orseis (Latreille) na planta invasora R. raphanistrum L. Ovos de A. monuste orseis foram coletados nas plantas de couve manteiga da fazenda da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), PR. As lagartas foram individualizadas, recebendo folhas de nabiça diariamente, observando-se os ínstares e registrando-se a mortalidade. A duração média da fase larval foi de 12,9 (± 0,08) dias, com mortalidade de 42,0 por cento; a duração média da fase pupal foi 6,7 (±0,13) dias e a mortalidade de 38,4 por cento. O curuquerê preferiu alimentar-se de nabiça, comparativamente com a couve manteiga, Brassica oleracea var. acephala.
The biology and feeding preference of the kale leafworm, Ascia monuste orseis (Latreille) on the weed Raphanus raphanistrum Godart was studied. Eggs were collected on plants at the farm of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), PR, Brazil. Neonate caterpillars were individualized and were daily fed on leaves of R. raphanistrum; instar duration and mortality were recorded. Mean duration of the larval stage was 12.9 (± 0.08) days and mortality was 42.0 percent. Mean duration of the pupal stage was 6.7 (± 0.13) days, and mortality was 38.4 percent. A. monuste orseis prefered feeding on leaves of R. raphanistrum, than leaves of kale Brassica oleracea var. acephala.
ABSTRACT
A sensibilidade das moscas Drosophila melanogaster ao endosulfan e o seu uso no biomonitoramento dos resíduos do inseticida em couve, foram avaliados. Nas condições do bioensaio, método do filme seco em placa de Petri, o endosulfan se degrada em função da temperatura, sendo mais rápida para o isôrnero alfa do que para o beta.Os bioensaios com D. melanogaster indicaram que a toxicidade do endosulfan aumenta com a temperatura (25 a 35°C) e que as fêmeas são mais sensíveis ao inseticida. Os valores da CL 50, calculados em função da temperatura, variaram entre 4,2 e 11,7 ug/g pc para machos e 2,8 e 8,1 ug/g pc para fêmeas. Os resíduos de endosulfan em couve-manteiga foram determinados pelo método de bioensaio, que apresentou um limite de quantificação da ordem de 0,1 mglkg e reprodutibilidade com coeficiente de variação de 10 %. A validação do bioensaio por cromatografia a gás corrobora a viabilidade do emprego da D. melanogaster no monitoramento de resíduos de endosulfan em couve. (AU)
The susceptibilityof flies Drosophila melanogaster to endosulfan and the use of this Organismo in biomonitoring residues of the insecticide in kale was evaluated In the condition of the bioassay, residues-film bioassay in the Petri dish, endosulfan degraded depending on the temperature and alpha isomer degrades faster than Beta isomer. Bioassays conducted with D. melanogaster showed that the toxicity of the insecticide increases with the temperature (25 to 35°C) and that the females are more susceptible to the insecticide LC values calculated as a function of temperature varied from 4.2 to 11.7 ug/g bw for the males and 2.8 to 8.1 I-lg/g bw for the females. The formulated product Thiodan CE was applied on kale (Brassica Oleracea varo acephala) and the residues 01' endosulfan were determi-ned by bioassay. The determination limit by bioassy is in the order of 0.1 mg/kg and the method pre- sented a reproducibility with a coefficient of variation of 10%. The validation of the bioassay by gas chromatography confirm the viability of the bioassay with in monitoring the residues of endosulfan in kale. (AU)